https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128200841000235?via%3Dihub

Microbial fouling poses serious problems in cooling circuits, wherein they reduce heat transfer efficiency resulting in a significant pressure drop in the condensers as well as impairing the performance of associated ancillary systems. Predicting the type, rate, and extent of microfouling phenomena manifests the problem of biofouling in industrial cooling systems and affects the operation of industrial equipment which is prone to biofouling. Microbes thrive in the conducive environment of cooling water systems which aids in adhesion and growth. The colonized microbes and their metabolic products can deteriorate the various material of the cooling circuit. The microbial consortia are also implicated in the corrosion phenomenon since they are locally focused on the metal surfaces. The degree of colonization on the metallic surfaces by microfouling bacteria is distinct; this aids in generating corrosion potentials as large as that generated between incompatible metals.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128200841000296?via%3Dihub

There have been consistent efforts to develop bioremediation technologies for radionuclides for the treatment of mildly active radioactive wastes or radionuclides contaminated waters. Most of radionuclides of concern are heavy metals (U, Pu, Th, Sr, etc.), which cannot be degraded. These radionuclides can be precipitated, concentrated, or immobilized to reduce their hazardous nature. Microbial biofilms have been identified as an emerging potential technology for bioremediation of many hazardous and toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. In this chapter, we focus on how microbial biofilms and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms can be of use to develop technologies for the bioremediation of radionuclides. This chapter further attempts to provide an insight into major mechanisms involved in mitigation of radionuclides and the challenges pertinent to potential bioremediation using microbial biofilms.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012818821700004X?via%3Dihub

Since, humans are the most sensitive and valuable host to viruses, their detection at an early stage is of utmost importance to save a life. Up to now, many assays have been developed which can detect the presence of virus in cells and body fluids, but most of them are time consuming and non-feasible processes. To minimize the work load and time consumption, nano-sensors are developed which are based on utilization of biological components. These sensors use biological outfits like enzyme of a reaction, ligand of any receptor or fluorescent signals developed in any kind of reactions. Possibility of any of the above process in any kind of viral infected system leads to generation of signals which is further processed and amplified to confirm the presence of viral particles. Nano biosensors are preferred over other assays because they are handy, multiple application and minimum time consuming.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-13-9431-7_6

Though the chemical pesticides are very effective, what concerns over their use is their effect on soil and environment and presence of residue in food products. Another major issue is the development of resistance in the pests. Therefore, the use of biopesticides to control pests is now preferred over synthetic pesticides because of their pest control ability and diverse mode of actions which helps in avoiding resistance development in the pests. In a country like India with a huge diversity of plants, there is an urgent need for identifying new biopesticides which can serve the purpose of pest control. India needs to develop its own biocontrol agents (BCA) because it will be cost-effective and also environment-friendly. Major hurdle in the development and use of new biopesticides in India is the commercialization process. The farmers are reluctant to use the new products because of high cost and no practical knowledge.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128148495000368?via%3Dihub

When the contaminants started effecting human health, man started utilizing these organisms for the biodegradation of toxicants. For example, in the past few decades, the organisms which were present in the environment and deliberately confronting discrete precarious chemical pollutants have emerged with the potential to degrade them. The microorganisms have emerged successfully to grow in presence of xenobiotics and began using them as their carbon source. Later, the role of certain mobile DNA elements which are detailed in this chapter revealed that by conjugating with the other aromatic degrading bacterial catabolic genes as transposable elements, the xenobiotics were efficiently mineralized. Evolutionary indications suggest that microbes have also evolved certain metabolic pathways by transposition of new catabolic genes into their genome for xenobiotic degradation